This study showed the potential of the electrospinning (in this case electrospraying) technique to produce whey protein concentrate (WPC) micro and nanocapsules for applications in the encapsulation of canthaxanthin. The results showed that the solution concentration, feed solution flow rate and applied voltage had a direct effect  on the encapsulation efficiency. by increasing of the solution concentration, feed solution flow rate and applied voltage, the encapsulation efficiency increased. The results showed that solution concentration was the most effective factor in electrospraying, because its scale estimate was highest. According to the results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) for this model, the regression model suggested a significant value for both linear and quadratic terms at P < 0.05. Also in order to obtain 0.93% encapsulation efficiency, optimum  point was found at the emulsion concentration of 39.4%, feed solution flow rate of 12.2 ml/min, applied voltage of 17.5 kV, and 17.1cm distance between needle tip and collector.

NanoliPosomes are one of the most important polar lipid-based nanocarriers which can be used for encapsulation of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic active compounds. In this research, nanoliposomes based on lecithin- polyethylene glycol-gamma oryzanol were prepared by using a modified thermal method. Only one melting peak in DSC curve of gamma oryzanol bearing liposomes was observed which could be attributed to co-crystallization of both compounds. The addition of gamma oryzanol, caused to reduce the melting point of 5% (w/v) lecithin-based liposome from 207°C to 163.2°C. At high level of lecithin, increasing of liposome particle size (storage at 4°C for two months) was more obvious and particle size increased from 61 and 113 to 283 and 384 nanometers, respectively. The encapsulation efficiency of gamma oryzanol increased from 60% to 84.3% with increasing lecithin content. The encapsulation stability of oryzanol in liposome was determined at different concentrations of lecithin 3, 5, 10, 20% (w/v) and different storage times (1, 7, 30 and 60 days). In all concentrations, the encapsulation stability slightly decreased during 30 days storage. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed relatively spherical to elliptic particles which indicated to low extent of particles coalescence. The oscillatory rheometry showed that the loss modulus of liposomes were higher than storage modulus and more liquid-like behavior than solid- like behavior. The samples storage at 25oC for one month, showed higher viscoelastic parameters than those having been stored at 4oC which were attributed to higher membrane fluidity at 25oC and their final coalescence.

Introduction: The encapsulation of hydrophobic nutraceutical compounds such as fat soluble vitamins in nanoliposomes is a potentially effective way to protect them from from light, oxygen and chemical degradation during the maintenance. One of the potential benefits of liposomal structures is encapsulation of three watersoluble, fat-soluble and amphiphilic compounds and use of natural food ingredients such as lecithin with beneficial effects, in their production. In this study, the effect of lecithin-cholesterol concentrations on particle size, particle size distribution, encapsulation efficiency (EE) and physical stability of vitamin A palmitate loaded nanoliposome during the storage time were explored to get the optimized formulation...

In the present study, a new type of an encapsulate pesticide was prepared by Coacervation method. Lambda-Cyhalothrin was encapsulated due to interaction between two oppositely charged materials, gelatin and gum Arabic as shell in a complex Coacevation process at the presence of 10 mol etoxylated nonyl phenol (NPE) which is a kind of a non-ionic emulsifier to enhance the homogenization of the product and size control. Spherical shape of capsules were scanned by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and optical microscope. The encapsulation efficiency was achieved 96% and analyzed by Gas chromatography equipped with FID detector (GC-FID). From the results of release study, 49, 63, 89% of encapsulated materials were released from their shell after 15, 30, 180 min respectively. The present study, applies a convenient and inexpensive method to introduce a pesticide, which can be exploited in public health field.

Objectives: Spectrophotometric methods are amongst the most important methods used for determination of encapsulated proteins in particulate drug delivery systems. In Bradford method, which is used frequently, some interfering agents could affect the precise determination of proteins. In such a conditions, other methods with less interaction, such as spectrofluorimetry, can be used. Methods: Tetanus toxoid (TT) was conjugated with fluorceinisothiocianate (FITC), as a fluorescent agent. Buffer salts and unconjugated FITC were separated by dialysis and ultrafiltration. Alginate microspheres and liposomes encapsulated with fluorescent TT were prepared by emulsification-internal phase gelation and solvent evaporation, respectively. Encapsulated TT in microspheres and liposomes was determined by Bradford and spectroflourimetric methods. Results: Mean encapsulation efficiency of FITC-TT in microspheres was obtained to be 38.33±6.11 and 21.33±2.1, by Bradford and fluorimetry methods, respectively (P<0.01). In Bradford method, the blank microspheres showed high absorbances which could be caused by interaction from sodium alginate polymer. But in the fluorimetric method the blank microspheres showed little absorbances, so this method is more reliable. Mean encapsulation efficiency of FITC-TT in liposomes was determined by indirect method, as 46.33±6.23 and 56±3, by Bradford and fluorimetry methods (P<0.05). In Bradford method, supernatant of blank liposomes showed high absorbances which could be rooted from interaction of free lipids. But in the fluorimetry method supernatant of the blank liposomes showed little emission, so this method is more reliable. Conclusion: In determination of encapsulation efficiencies of proteins in microspheres and liposomes, when spectrophotometric methods due to interfering agents, could not be utilized precisely, spectrofluorimetric method can be preferred.